Euro PM2023 Proceedings

Authors:

Tiphaine Giroud (1), Philippe Egea (1), Peter Vikner (2), Solange Vivès (2), Charlotte Mayer (1)

1- Aubert & Duval, Les Ancizes-Comps, France

2- Aubert & Duval, Paris, France

Abstract:

Stellar® InvHard is a Nb-enriched Invar designed for additive manufacturing (Laser Powder Bed Fusion). It will be launched on the market in 2023. Compared to Invar 36, Stellar® InvHard exhibits increased mechanical strength while maintaining a low coefficient of thermal expansion. The hardening of this alloy is inspired by superalloys 706 and 718 strengthened by Ni3Nb-γ'' phase that precipitates in the austenitic matrix; also containing carbides and Nb-rich δ phase. The precipitation of the γ'' phase can be controlled through annealing and aging treatment’s optimization, leading to a hardness in a range: 300-420 HV and the effect on coefficient of thermal expansion increase is limited thanks to the small size of such precipitates. Insights on microstructure and processability will also be presented along to coefficient of thermal expansion.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59499/EP235749781

Authors:

Taiki Yamashita (1); Tomohiro Sato (2); Ken-ichi Saitoh (2); Masanori Takuma (2); Yoshimasa Takahashi (2)

1- Engineering Science Major, Mechanical Engineering, Kansai university, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita 564-8680, Osaka-fu, Japan

2- Kansai University ,3-3-35 Yamanote-cho ,Suita 564-8680, Osaka-fu, Japan

Abstract:

In the machine parts as sliding members, complex shapes and small-lot production are required. Therefore, manufacturing with Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology using resin materials has attracted attention. However, in this method mechanical properties are inferior to those of metallic materials. In addition, many of the resin materials are petroleum-based resins, and environmental problems are a concern. In this study, it was tried to improve it by mixing polylactic acid (PLA) with MoS2 as solid lubricants. PLA is a material with carbon-neutral properties. In the experiment, we used specimens made by a 3D printer after mixing raw materials and passing through intermediate materials. The stability of the composite is worse than that of PLA alone in friction tests. However, the coefficient of friction was partially low. This is thought to be the result of the function of the properties of MoS2 as a solid lubricant.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59499/EP235763571

Authors:

Ricardo Mineiro (1), J. Rodrigues (2), C.M. Fernandes (2), D. Figueiredo (2), B. Ferrari (3), A.J. Sanchez-Herencia (3), A.M.R. Senos (1)

1- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO – Aveiro Materials Institute, University of Aveiro, Campus Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal

2- Palbit S.A., P.O. Box 4, 3854-908 Branca, Albergaria-a-Velha, Portugal

3- Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio, CSIV, C/ Kelsen 5, 28049, Madrid, Spain

Abstract:

Cubic boron nitride (cBN) is normally used as the hardest phase of composites, together with ceramic and/or metallic matrixes, to form PcBN (Polycrystalline cubic Boron Nitride) materials applied in machining and finishing operations. While high PcBN (70–90 vol% cBN) is only produced by HPHT (High Pressure High Temperature) techniques, low PcBN (40–70 vol% cBN) can also be consolidated by SPS (Spark Plasma Sintering) since higher volume of binders are present. In this work, a cBN micrometer powder is combined with TiCN and Ni to produce composites with hard matrix phases, predicted by the calculated phase diagram. The SPS technique is used for the thermal consolidation of different PcBN compositions with a varied content of Ni, up to 15 vol%. A structural and microstructural characterization of the PcBN composites was performed for different compositions and maximum SPS temperatures.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59499/EP235765022

Authors:

Aintzane Fayanás (1,2), Nerea Ordás (1,2), Isaac Valls (3), Ernesto Urionabarrenetxea (1,2), Íñigo Iturriza (1,2), Ángela Veiga (1,2)

1- Ceit-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Manuel Lardizabal 15, 20018, Donostia / San Sebastián, España

2- Universidad de Navarra, Tecnun, Manuel Lardizabal 13, 20018, Donostia / San Sebastián, España

3- Rovalma, S.A, Carrer Collita, 08191 Rubí (Barcelona), España

Abstract:

In this work, the feasibility of Powder Metallurgy (PM) routes as processing methods for Nickel-Aluminium Bronze (NAB) alloys have been studied to produce components with good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance for the marine industry. Conventional PM (compaction and sintering) and PM-HIP (Hot Isostatic Pressing of encapsulated powder) have been explored to obtain fully dense NAB from gas atomised powder with Cu-9Al-4.5Ni-4.1Fe-0.9Mn (wt.%) composition. The results show that an adequate selection of raw materials and process parameters lead to fully dense materials with a microstructure similar to that of a NAB alloy produced by conventional production process. Final heat treatments are responsible for further microstructural refinement and dissolution of detrimental brittle phases, like retained martensitic β.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59499/EP235768755

Authors:

Ivan Lorenzon (1), Mirko Nassuato (1), Alberto Prete (1), Giorgia Leto (1), Francesco Bortolotti (1)

1- Pometon SpA, Venice, Italy

Abstract:

In the heart of the EV but also of electronic components, copper is used throughout because of its high electrical conductivity, durability and malleability. EV use more than double the copper of an internal combustion engine automobile and it is also used heavily in EV-infrastructure like charging stations and in electrical grid infrastructure. Sintered Copper components could be cornerstone not only for the Powder Metallurgy future in automotive applications but also for the EV revolution. Pometon, by the experience on production of ECP and WA copper, is developing some ready to press products to meet the needs of the classical sintering production process for the fabrication of copper components. This study shows the developing a high purity and highly densifying copper powder given fundamental guidelines to facilitate the classical sintering to obtain the chemical, physical and mechanical characteristics needed for E-automotive and electronic applications.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59499/EP235762996

Authors:

Mariana Rossi (1), Pedro Kuroda (1), Vicente Amigó (2), Conrado Afonso (1)

1- Materials Engineering Department (DEMa), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), 13.565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil

2- Universitat Politècnica de València, Institut de Tecnologia de Materials, Camí de Vera S/n, València, 46022, Spain

Abstract:

Ti and its alloys with a titanium oxide (TiO2) nanotubes (NTs) surface have received attention in the biomedical field to enhanced biocompatibility by the nanostructured surface. The aim of this study was to investigate the structural and morphological properties of the formation and crystallization of TiO2 NTs on different Ti substrates (c.p-Ti, Ti-15Nb, Ti-40Nb and Ti-35Nb-6Sn alloys). The crystallization of NTs was analyzed by XRD as a function of annealing temperature. The morphology was characterized using FE-SEM equipment and the roughness was evaluated using confocal microscopy. For the c.p-Ti was identified only the presence of rutile oxide and for another ones the mixture of anatase and rutile. The diameter of the NTs was different depends on the substrate and can be represented as: c.p-Ti≈Ti-40Nb >Ti-15Nb≈Ti-34Nb-6Sn. As the same way, the roughness surface increase after annealing treatment and can be represented as: c.p-Ti>Ti-40Nb>Ti-34Nb-6Sn≈Ti-15Nb.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59499/EP235735526

Authors:

Recalcati S. (1), Denis G. (2), Mortensen A. (2), Fais A. (1)

1- EPoS Technologies SA, ZI du Vivier 22, 1690 Villaz-St-Pierre (Switzerland)

2- Laboratory of Mechanical Metallurgy (LMM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), MX-D 141, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne (Switzerland)

Abstract:

This work investigates the in-situ formation of TiC in titanium blended with carbon during Electro-Sinter-Forging (ESF) at different levels of Specific Energy Input kJ·g-1. When sintering powder mixtures of CP-Ti in compositions between 0.5 to 1%-wt graphite, carbon atoms diffuse and react with titanium to precipitate acicular or dendritic TiC in a near-fully to fully dense material. The shape of these precipitates evolves with increasing levels of energy from being finely dispersed sharp lamellae to a dendritic-like network. Understanding this behavior opens new possibilities to design novel reinforced Electro-Sinter-Forged titanium alloys or composites by precisely controlling the precipitated TiC shape and arrangement with a goal to optimize structural or functional properties of the material.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59499/EP235764195

Authors:

Yuanbin Deng (1), Anke Kaletsch (1), Christoph Broeckmann (1)

1- Institute for Materials Applications in Mechanical Engineering (IWM) at RWTH Aachen University, Augustinerbach 4, 52062 Aachen, Germany

Abstract:

Binder jetting is ideally suited to produce individual components, as it offers the possibility to directly achieve highly complex geometries. To assure the direct production of net-shape components with optimized process parameters, numerical models across scales were developed in this study to model and simulate each manufacturing step on the entire process chain. Using discrete element and finite element methods, the powder spreading process and the subsequent sintering process were simulated. By considering the influences of the density distribution on green bodies, the gravity, and the friction between the sintering substrate and the sintering parts, the sintering shrinkage and the final geometry could be precisely predicted. The results from simulation were validated with experimental data from both manufacturing steps. With the help of the inverse optimisation, the geometry of the green parts was optimised iteratively, which allows the net-shape components with the desired geometries being manufactured despite sintering distortion.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59499/EP235765361

Authors:

Nompumelelo Nkosi (1,2), Natasha Sacks (1,2)

1- Department of Industrial Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa

2- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Strong Materials, South Africa

Abstract:

In this study the effect of build direction on the tensile properties of a Ti6Al4V alloy produced by selective laser melting was investigated. Initial cubes were printed using three different scanning patterns, namely island, meander and bi-directional alternating and rotated at 67⁰, to determine the optimum pattern producing the highest density and hardness. From the initial results all three patterns produced similar densities of >99%, while the meander pattern had the highest average hardness. Tensile test samples were printed in the vertical and horizontal directions in terms of the gauge length respectively, using the three scanning patterns and the ultimate tensile strength, % elongation and Young’s modulus was determined. The microstructure of the samples was studied using scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction and computerized tomography. The tensile samples printed in the horizontal direction generally had better strength properties.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59499/EP235734146

Authors:

Elin Olsson (1), Jean-Marc Lardon (2), Nicolas Stern (3), Stefan Sundin (1)

1- Erasteel, Sweden

2- Aubert&Duval, France

3- Erasteel, France

Abstract:

Martensitic stainless steels are highly alloyed in C, Cr and Mo for hardness and corrosion resistance and often in V for increased wear resistance. Due to the high alloying content, powder metallurgy (PM) including gas atomization and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is the best technique to eliminate segregation and thus to increase properties such as strength, fatigue resistance etc. However, further improvement of properties is made possible thanks to the recent developments of gas atomization process, which give very low levels of non-metallic inclusions. High cleanliness of PM material is well known to be critical for good polishing ability, fatigue resistance, strength etc. This paper describes results regarding the effect of cleanliness and heat treatment on the impact toughness and salt spray corrosion resistance of PM martensitic stainless grades containing 14 % Cr, more than 2% C and 10% Mo + V.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59499/EP235764056

Authors:

Sung Gue Heo (1,2), Seok-Jun Seo (2)

1- Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Republic of Korea

2- Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea

Abstract:

Mesoporous CuCo2O4 is interesting material for electrodes of high-performance supercapacitors because of their high surface area, controlled porosity and excellent electrochemical properties. In this work, mesoporous CuCo2O4 powders were synthesized using inverse micelle method and analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis (BET). After heat-treatment at 250˚C in oxygen atmosphere, the mesoporous CuCo2O4 powders exhibited high specific surface area of 104 m2/g with pore size of 9 nm. The mesoporous CuCo2O4 electrodes achieved maximum specific capacitance of 132 Fg-1 in 6M of KOH electrolyte. This superior electrochemical supercapacitor property is mainly due to increased surface area.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59499/EP235764617

Authors:

S Venkatesh Kumaran (1,3); Sri Bala Aditya Malladi (2); Eduard Hryha (2); Jose M Torralba (1,3)

1- IMDEA Materials, Madrid, Spain

2- Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden

3- Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain

Abstract:

Manufacturing high entropy alloys (HEAs) using powder bed fusion-laser beam/Metal (PBF-LB/M) enables their production with minimal elemental segregation due to its inherently fast cooling rates resulting in excellent properties. So far, HEAs have been fabricated with fully pre-alloyed gas-atomized powders which makes it expensive and slower to explore new alloy compositions. In this work, for the first time, instead of pre-alloying, blended powders of CoCrF75, Ni625, Invar36, and pure Al powders were used as feedstock to develop a CoCrFeNiMoxAly HEA which consists of FCC phase in the metastable state. The process was successfully optimized, achieving relative densities greater than 99.8%. This method of mixing powders for PBF-LB/M enables rapid exploration of new HEAs and this work is expected to contribute to its successful application in the future.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59499/EP235762606